About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- Perennial, Forb/herbPLANTS Database
- Native range
- Native to the lower 48 statesPLANTS Database
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Source: PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS.
This source reports 4 treatments. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 22, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: light
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 14 days to germinate.
90% germination in 14 days.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
- 2
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 21 days to germinate.
80% germination in 7–21 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Moderate Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around September 30, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 29, 2026.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
about 6 months from start to sowing. Then 8 days to germinate.
78% germination in 4–8 days.
Protocol 4
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty Very high Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
7% germination.
How each step is done, in Deno’s words, and what Verified and Derived mean.
