Two sources report 9 treatments between them. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996
1
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
No stated waiting before sowing.
0% germination.
Nothing germinated at 70.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996
Difficulty ModerateRated by us, not by the source.
Start around May 1, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on April 30, 2026.
1
Dry storage
Duration: 180 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
3
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
4 germinated in this phase.
Steps after step 2 run on after germination.
about 9 months from start to sowing. Then 70 days to germinate.
50% germination in 56–70 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996
Difficulty HighRated by us, not by the source.
Start around June 19, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on June 18, 2026.
1
Gibberellic acid soak
2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
24 germinated in this phase.
3
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
4
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
about 9 months from start to sowing. Then 21 days to germinate.
32% germination in 7–21 days.
Protocol 4
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1996
Difficulty LowRated by us, not by the source.
1
Sow outdoors and leave it
Up in April.
No stated waiting before sowing.
70% germination.
This source doesn't state how long.
Protocol 5
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993
Difficulty ModerateRated by us, not by the source.
Start around July 30, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on July 29, 2026.
1
Dry storage
Duration: 180 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
2
Cold moist stratification
Temperature: 40°F 4°C
about 6 months from start to sowing. Then 70 days to germinate.
50% germination in 56–70 days.
This source doesn't state how long.
Protocol 6
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993
Difficulty ModerateRated by us, not by the source.
Start around June 25, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on June 24, 2026.
1
Gibberellic acid soak
2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
3
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
about 6 months from start to sowing. Then 105 days to germinate.
55% germination in 105 days.
Protocol 7
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993
Difficulty HighRated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 15, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
1
Gibberellic acid soak
2
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C
No stated waiting before sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
15% germination.
Protocol 8
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993
Difficulty Very highRated by us, not by the source.
Start around September 17, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 16, 2026.
1
Dry storage
Duration: 180 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
2
Gibberellic acid soak
3
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C
about 6 months from start to sowing. Germination time not stated; 21 days assumed.
4% germination.
Protocol 9
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993
Difficulty ModerateRated by us, not by the source.
Sow around September 2027 — a date the source gives, not one counted back from a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on September 2026.
1
Sow outdoors and leave it
Sown outdoors in September; up in April.
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 210 days to germinate.