About the plant
What it is and where it grows — not part of any germination protocol.
- Habit
- Perennial, Forb/herbPLANTS Database
- Native range
- North AmericaGBIF Backbone Taxonomy
- Native range
- Native to the lower 48 statesPLANTS Database
Toxicity is noted only where a source states it. No note here is not a finding of safety.
Sources: PLANTS Database — USDA NRCS; GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
Two sources report three treatments between them. All are shown.
Protocol 1
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around September 23, 2026 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 2
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
- 3
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 4
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C · Light: dark
Steps after step 2 run on after germination.
about 6 months from start to sowing. Then 14 days to germinate.
40% germination in 14 days.
Protocol 2
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1998Difficulty Low Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around March 8, 2027 for a May 3 last frost.
- 1
- 2
Sow and cover
Temperature: 70°F 21°C
No stated waiting before sowing. Then 28 days to germinate.
100% germination in 14–28 days.
Protocol 3
DerivedN. C. Deno, 1993Difficulty High Rated by us, not by the source.
Start around June 19, 2027 for a May 3 last frost. Too late for spring 2027 — that needed starting on June 18, 2026.
- 1
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
- 2
Cold moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 40°F 4°C
- 3
Warm moist stratification
Duration: 90 days · Temperature: 70°F 21°C
about 9 months from start to sowing. Then 21 days to germinate.
17% germination in 21 days.